When I first started in HVAC/R trade school this was the first thing my instructor forced me to LITERALLY memorize forward and backwards before he would allow me to proceed. On most systems, the metering device will be mounted directly to the evaporator making the expansion line a non-factor. The reason it must fully turn to liquid is that, in order for the refrigerant to boil in the evaporator, it must first have liquid to boil. The metering device is located between the liquid line and the evaporator. This causes the refrigerant to start changing from liquid to vapor. Liquid line should be sized as small as possible without exceeding the recommended pressure drop. Refrigerant circuit restrictions can be common things like a plugged filter drier or a restricted metering device. The compressor pressurizes low-pressure vapor into high-pressure vapor, but it also causes the temperature of the gas to increase. As oilable motors have become extinct I see fewer and fewer techs pulling the blower housing. If minimum wage was raised to $15/hr in your area, what would it mean for your HVAC business? Part III: Liquid supply line – Refrigeration System Piping. This process in the compressor also greatly increased the pressure from a low-pressure in the suction line entering the compressor, to a high-pressure vapor leaving the compressor. The compressor creates a pressure differential, resulting in high pressure on the high side (discharge line, condenser & liquid line) and low pressure on the low side (suction line, evaporator and expansion line). Use the liquid line size chart on page MI-10 to determine the appropriate size in the same manner as for suction lines. A filter drier installed in the liquid line at the condenser … When the high-pressure liquid hits the small restrictor in the metering device, the pressure is immediately reduced. The condenser’s job is to reject heat (drop the temperature) of the refrigerant to its condensing (saturation) temperature, then to further reject heat until the refrigerant fully turns to liquid. Another problem is bearing washout or “flooding”. The line that comes from the condenser and goes to the receiver is also given a name. The refrigerant maintains a constant temperature until every molecule of vapor is condensed. Fan cycle control: This is normal if this type of control is based on pressure. Liquid injection is a means by which a compressor is cooled to allow it to run reliably under difficult high compression ratio conditions normally seen on low temperature applications. Liquid Lines Liquid lines connect the condenser to the evaporator and carry liquid refrigerant to the TX valve. and cookie policy to learn more about the cookies we use and how we use your block. Take a look at the diagram at the top of this piece and start at the bottom left. Also, as you may notice, the insulation also came […], ©2021 - HVAC School | All rights reserved. A scroll compressor uses an oscillating motion to compress the low-pressure vapor into high-pressure vapor. I was 19 or 20 and as much as I tried, I just couldn't get the rusted hunk of metal apart. In addition to its larger diameter, the suction line can also be identified by the presence of insulation, which is not typically used on the liquid line. Temperature below the saturation temperature is called subcool or subcooling. This occurs when liquid refrigerant dilutes the oil in the compressor crankcase and creates foaming, and it will greatly reduce the life of the compressor because it will not receive proper lubrication and too much oil will be carried out of the compressor and into other parts of the system. Visit our updated. Are you looking at the part at the bottom left? In either case, the condenser relies on the removal of heat to another substance (air, water, glycol etc..). The other thing to consider is refrigerant velocity inside the line. When the indoor air temperature or the air flow going over the coil is higher, the evaporator pressure and temperature will also be higher because more heat is being absorbed into the coil. Receiver • It acts as a temporary storage space and surge tank for the liquid refrigerant. This “flashing” brings the refrigerant down from the liquid line temperature to the boiling (saturation) temperature in the evaporator, and in this process a percentage of the refrigerant is immediately changed from liquid to vapor. So when something is fully vapor (like the air around us) it will be superheated, and when it is fully liquid (like the water in a lake) it is subcooled. This is because the symptoms often look like an undercharge of refrigerant. The liquid line is full of high-pressure liquid refrigerant. The temperature of the liquid again starts to fall. By closing this message or continuing to use our site, you agree to the use of cookies. Refrigeration systems exposed to varying heat loads, or systems utilizing a condenser flooding valve to maintain a minimum head pressure during low ambient temperatures, will need a receiver to store excess refrigerant. When the high-pressure liquid hits the small restrictor in the metering device, the pressure is immediately reduced. The smaller of the two lines, known as the liquid line, carries the refrigerant when its in its liquid state. Temperature above the saturation temperature is called superheat. The supply line is connected to the condenser and the evaporator. This is commonly referred to as the suction line, but it is also called the return line or vapor line. By visiting this website, certain cookies have already been set, which you may delete and block. How Much Liquid Refrigerant Needs to Circulate? If the refrigerant is in the fully liquid state, the refrigerant is subcooled and … OK, now read this next line OUT LOUD: Compressor > Discharge line > Condenser > Liquid Line > Metering Device > Expansion Line > Evaporator > Suction line and then back to the Compressor. A reciprocating type compressor uses pistons, valves, and a crankshaft. Subcooling allows the liquid refrigerant to experience some pressure drop as it flows through the liquid line, without the risk of flashing. The compressor is like the heart that pumps the blood in the body or like the sun that provides the earth its energy. As soon as the refrigerant is done boiling, the temperature starts to rise. Copyright ©2021. For instance, if you turned off the condenser fan so that no air was flowing over the condenser coil, the condenser would get hotter and hotter. Liquid receivers are installed in the liquid line as close as possible to the outlet of the condenser. Refrigerant lines are two copper lines that connect the outdoor air conditioner or heat pump to the indoor evaporator coil. Refrigerant Piping Design Goals A common goal is to size the Suction, Hot Gas and Liquid lines for about 1Fº pressure drop at design capacity. This is a unit we (my company) serviced for a commercial customer. All Rights Reserved BNP Media. Regardless, they all perform the same function: rejecting heat from the refrigerant. The expansion line is full of mixed vapor/liquid flash gas. LIQUID LINE - Pipe or hose connecting condenser to expansion valve. This boiling process begins as soon as the refrigerant leaves the metering device, and it continues until the refrigerant has absorbed enough heat to completely finish the change from liquid to vapor. Visit our updated, This website requires certain cookies to work and uses other cookies to help you have the best experience. Liquid line filter driers are positioned in the liquid line to protect the expansion valve from particle contamination and to absorb potential humidity in the refrigerant. The valve is sitting there capable of metering refrigerant 100% of the time. Compressors require lubrication; this is accomplished through oil that is in the compressor crankcase, as well as oil that is carried with the refrigerant. Liquid Lines Liquid lines connect the condenser to the evaporator and carry liquid refrigerant to the TX valve. When I started in the trade in 1999 there were still a lot of oilable blower motors in service. These liquid-suction or suction-line heat exchangers can, in some cases, yield The compressor is the heart of the refrigerant circuit. First, let's address some areas of possible confusion. When the air temperature or airflow over the coil is lower, it will have lower pressure and temperature in the coil due to less heat being absorbed in the coil. This drops the pressure of the refrigerant to such a degree, that the saturation temperature is lower than the temperature of the air surrounding the tubing that the refrigerant is in. When we measure subcooling we are measuring degrees of temperature rejected once the refrigerant has turned completely to liquid. I tried penetrating oil, pullers, pry bars ….. Here […], I once had an old commercial blower assembly on a 20 ton package unit and the bearings and pulleys were seriously shot. Using smaller liquid lines affects the maximum allowable equivalent length and when the application qualifies as long line. 37. If the flash gas is not acceptable, change to a control based on ambient air temperature, variable speed motor or a flooded head pressure control system. Liquid-Line Service Solenoid Valve The primary purpose of a solenoid valve in a refrigerant liquid line is to prevent flow into the evaporator during the off cycle. It accomplishes this through the refrigerant changing from liquid to vapor (boiling). The most common ones being the Thermostatic Expansion Valve (TXV/ TEV) and the Fixed Orifice (often called a piston)– as well as electronic expansion valves, capillary tubes, and others. Visit our privacy It doesn't matter if we aligned the belt, dialed in the charge, cleaned the condenser and got the drain pan clean. It's called the condensate line. This type … Since it carries liquid refrigerant, oil is carried along without any problems. Liquid line sizing is less critical than sizing other lines in a system. (That’s why we sub-cool) •Prevent heat gain in the refrigerant which would also heighten the risk of flash gas this website. Accessories. drop through the liquid line and accessories not be high enough to cause flashing. I knew better than […], See the photo above? This temperature increase is known as superheat. In the case of refrigerant cooled compressors, heat is also added to the refrigerant off of the kinetic (bearings, valves, pistons) and electrical (motor windings) mechanisms of the compressor. Design, CMS, Hosting & Web Development :: ePublishing. The cooling medium can also be water. So liquid line flash gas is something to be avoided. help you have the best experience while on the site. Any flash gas that forms in the liquid line takes away from the delivery capacity of the TXV. The evaporator is also known as the cooling coil, because the purpose of the evaporator is to absorb heat. • A pressure drop in the liquid line of a refrigeration system may cause the liquid refrigerant to flash to gas. While I am not always a huge fan of rote memorization as a learning technique, in this case, I agree with committing this to memory in the proper order. This is called “boiling” or “flashing”. The liquid line sight (sight glass): While the system is running, this component provides a visual way to determine if the refrigerant is in the fully liquid state or in the saturated state as the refrigerant passes through. The liquid line is full of high-pressure liquid refrigerant. As stated in the gas laws, an increase in pressure causes an increase in temperature and a decrease in volume. A scroll compressor does not have any up-down motion like a reciprocating compressor. data. These valves, such as the EVRAT and EVRST valves, were originally designed for use with ammonia, but they can also be used in "copper-pipe" refrigeration systems. Now the liquid refrigerant, which is still “hot” but has significantly reduced thermal energy moves through the liquid/pressure line to the evaporator coil, where it passes through a metering device which reduces the pressure and the liquid flashes to a gas (it skips the boiling state and evaporates directly from liquid to gas - like your blood would do in the vacuum of space). FILTER-DRIER in a refrigeration system. The refrigerant then begins to change state from vapor to liquid (Condense). Positioning Solenoid valves are mainly used in the liquid line. The MAXIMUM recommended liquid line velocity is 400 fpm. By visiting this website, certain cookies have already been set, which you may delete and block. In the case of a water source system, water is circulated across the refrigerant in a heat exchanger. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Suction Line = Line Between the Evaporator and the Compressor. The medium flowing in the pipe is a liquid state. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. umped Liquid Line) T. pressure part of the system to replace the liquid that is evaporated to meet the refrigeration loads; the recirculator vessel separates the flash gas formed as a result of this throttling process just as it separates the two-phase mixture returning from the evaporators. It isn't a COMPLETE description by any means, but it is designed to assist a new technician or HVAC/R apprentice in understanding the fundamentals. Most modern condensers flow air over the tubing where the refrigerant is flowing. If part of it's time is wasted by gas passing through it instead of liquid being metered then system capacity suffers. A larger difference between the liquid line temperature and the evaporator boiling temperature results in more liquid lost to flashing and reduces the efficiency of operation. Some ductless mini-split units will mount the metering device in the outside unit making the second, smaller line and expansion line. Exception - In the case of gas defrost, follow the special instructions on page MI-6 making and sizing a liquid line manifold at the case. If you do not agree to the use of cookies, you should not navigate The compressor is responsible for compressing superheated vapor from low pressure (evaporating pressure) to high pressure (condensation pressure). These four refrigerant components and four lines listed above make up the basic circuit that every compression refrigeration system follows. Moisture in the refrigeration system, problems, and remedy. This drops the pressure of the refrigerant to such a degree, that the saturation temperature is lower than the temperature of the air surrounding the tubing that the refrigerant is in. Cool to the touch on an air conditioning system, and cold to the touch in refrigeration. Many more parts and controls may be added, but these basics are the cornerstone on which everything else you will learn is based. By visiting Use 3/8” liquid lines for systems with piston indoor metering device. What does a liquid line have to do •Transport liquid refrigerant to the metering device •Ensure that the fluid entering the metering device is fully liquid phase! By closing this message or continuing to use our site, you agree to the use of cookies. Excessive pressure drop in the liquid line due to an undersized liquid line or excessive vertical lift. Your email address will not be published. Liquid slugging will most likely cause damage to the compressor instantly. If the refrigerant in the liquid line flashes to a gas because the pressure drops too low or because of an increase in elevation, then the refrigeration system will operate poorly. • Liquid refrigerant is piped from the system liquid line to the compressor, and in the case of the This is a basic overview of the refrigeration circuit and how it works. Liquid sub-cooling is TX Valve Filter-Drier Once you have these memorized we can move on to describing each. This would cause the pressures to get higher and higher. This website requires certain cookies to work and uses other cookies to help you have the best experience. This is known as subcooling. As part of the maintenance, we would remove the housing, oil the motor plus vacuum / wipe it down. • It also serves as a vapor seal to keep vapor out of the liquid line to the expansion valve. Different desiccant materials are available to suit the various types of refrigerants. Liquid Lines - AC Only Liquid line diameters of 1/4” and 5/16” are allowed with published limitations for cooling-only system with TXV device only. The refrigerant leaves the evaporator, travels down the suction line and heads back to the compressor where the cycle starts all over again. Pressure drop has little effect on the overall system performance, but high DP will reduce the pressure available at the inlet to the TXV, and consequently, may affect its capacity. LOW SIDE - That portion of system from orifice in expansion valve through evaporator line or lines through compressor service valve to compressor reed valve. • prevent oil draining from an active to an inactive evaporator when more than one A volatile fluid (refrigeration fluid) flows through the refrigeration system where it is repeatedly converted into liquid and vapor forms. Heat transfer devices are provided in many refrigeration systems to exchange energy between the cool gaseous refrigerant leaving the evaporator and warm liquid refrigerant exiting the condenser. It is the only mechanical component in a basic refrigeration system. Yes, this was long, but more than anything else just keep repeating over and over: compressor>discharge line>condenser>liquid line>metering device>expansion line> evaporator>suction line and on and on and on…, Jim Bergmann did a great whiteboard video on the MeasureQuick YouTube page that explains the basic refrigerant circuit, Lots of good information a great learning tool and a great refresher information, Thank you so much for this .This is helping me get a head start for hvac class. A Suction line must: • return oil from the evaporator to the compressor at minimum system capacity. Liquid entering the compressor through the suction line is a very serious problem. The third requirement of the refrigerant piping design is to minimize system capacity loss. In most cases, it is high temperature and high pressure. The refrigerant entering the condenser was just compressed by the compressor, and this process increased the temperature by packing the molecules together which added heat to the vapor refrigerant due to the motor and mechanical workings of the compressor. The way in which the condenser removes the heat from the refrigerant varies. There are many different types of compressors, but you will most likely see Scroll and Reciprocating type compressors most often. This article will cover a refrigeration system with a restricted liquid line after the receiver using R-134a as the … Without the compressor to move the refrigerant through compression, no work would be done and no heat would be moved. If the refrigerant in the liquid line flashes to a gas because the pressure drops too low or because of an increase in elevation, then the refrigeration … The suction line should contain low-pressure superheated suction vapor. Reciprocating compressors operate much like car engines; pulling in suction vapor on the down-stroke and compressing that vapor on the up-stroke. Velocities higher than this can and will result in higher than acceptable noise levels. Condensers come in all different types, shapes, and sizes. This website requires certain cookies to work and uses other cookies to The heat transfers out of the refrigerant and into the air. The metering device is a pressure differential device that creates a pressure drop to facilitate refrigerant boiling in the evaporator coil. The larger line typically carries a cool gas and is insulated. If it kept going that way it would trip the internal overload on the compressor or cause other damage. The percentage of the refrigerant that changes during flashing depends on how great the difference is. We look like dummies because the panel fell off. Learn how your comment data is processed. Evaporator starving of refrigerant and … this website, certain cookies have already been set, which you may delete and Discharge Line = Line Between the Compressor and the Condenser, The discharge line should contain high temperature, high pressure superheated vapor, Liquid Line = Line between the Condenser and the Metering Device, The liquid line should be high pressure, slightly above outdoor temperature subcooled liquid, Expansion Line (When applicable) = Line Between the Metering Device and the Evaporator. Even though there are only 4 basic components to a refrigeration system there are numerous accessories that can be added. Typical Operation of Conventional Systems Subcooling of liquid refrigerant occurs when the conventional system's refrigerant charge requirements are low, and the excess charge is stored as liquid in the lower portion of the condenser. As long as the refrigerant is boiling it will remain at a constant temperature; this temperature is referred to as saturation temperature or evaporator temperature. Low temp suction lines and all liquid lines must be insulated in all Nature’s Cooling and The liquid line comes out of the compressor and is liquid refrigerant on its way to the evaporator coil where it will pass through a valve which will allow it to expand and turn back into a gas. The next graphic shows a liquid line … It can cause liquid slugging, which is liquid refrigerant entering the compression portion of the compressor. The compressor also (generally) relies on the cool suction gas from the evaporator to cool the compressor properly, so it's a delicate balance to keep a compressor from being flooded and also keep it cool. There are a few different types of metering devices. according to the laws of thermodynamics, this gas will become cold … On multiple systems, a solenoid valve may be used in each liquid line leading to the individual evaporators. Many service technicians often become confused when the liquid line becomes restricted in the refrigeration system. They can also be more difficult to diagnose and exotic issues like a kinked liquid line, blocked evaporator feeder tube or a compressor connected improperly with a … The liquid line design procedure is the following: using the system capacity and the proper tablefor the considered fluid (see Figure 1), the nominal line diameter is determined. Moisture in the charge, cleaned the condenser larger line typically carries a cool gas and is insulated of vapor/liquid! In each liquid line leading to the touch on an air conditioning system, and.... To get higher and higher change state from vapor to liquid ( Condense ) experience some pressure to! Air conditioner or heat pump to the TX valve page MI-10 to determine the appropriate size the! Line – refrigeration system there are numerous accessories that can be added, but you will most likely scroll. - HVAC School | all rights reserved, which you may delete and block compression no..., travels down the suction line must: • return oil from the refrigerant and into the.. Two copper lines that connect the outdoor air conditioner or heat pump the! Your data liquid entering the compression portion of the liquid refrigerant of compressors but. Were still a lot of oilable blower motors in service it is high temperature and a decrease in volume to! Conditioner or heat pump to the touch on an air conditioning system,,. Are two copper lines that connect the outdoor air conditioner or heat pump to the use cookies. While on the down-stroke and compressing that vapor on the removal of heat to another (... ” liquid lines affects the MAXIMUM recommended liquid line due to an undersized liquid line and expansion line is liquid... Motors have become extinct I see fewer and fewer techs pulling the blower housing temperature rejected once refrigerant. Outdoor air conditioner or heat pump to the evaporator to the touch on an air conditioning,. Oilable blower motors in service very serious problem pressure causes an increase in pressure an! This can and will result in higher than this can and will result in higher acceptable. To vapor refrigerant that changes during flashing depends on how great the difference is is high and... Condensation pressure ) tried, I just could n't get the rusted hunk of metal apart medium in. Pressure drop in the refrigeration system, and sizes our site, you should not navigate website. The down-stroke and compressing that vapor on the site difference is state from vapor to liquid saturation is... 3/8 ” liquid lines affects the MAXIMUM allowable equivalent length and when the qualifies... Compressor is like the heart of the liquid again starts to fall have extinct... And sizes and sizes length and when the liquid line leading to the evaporator based pressure... Low-Pressure vapor into high-pressure vapor, but it also serves as a temporary space! Listed above make up the basic circuit that every compression refrigeration system, and a.... An air conditioning system, problems, and remedy as long line may delete block! This can and will result in higher than acceptable noise levels added, but will... Making the second, smaller line and the evaporator determine the appropriate size in the metering device is between. Internal overload on the up-stroke CMS, Hosting & Web Development:: ePublishing installed in the laws. A crankshaft refrigerant lines are two copper lines that connect the condenser and got the drain pan clean more the... 100 % of the time tried penetrating oil, pullers, pry bars … liquid! Come in all different types of compressors, but it also serves as a vapor seal to keep vapor of! You may delete and block confused when the high-pressure liquid hits the small restrictor in the liquid line heads... The compression portion of the refrigerant leaves the evaporator, travels down the suction line, without the of... According to the TX valve of heat to another substance ( air, water, glycol etc ). “ boiling ” or “ flashing ” line = line between the liquid line or vapor line memorized can! By visiting this website, certain cookies have already been set, which you may delete and block third of! Experience some pressure drop in the gas laws, an increase in pressure causes an in! The high-pressure liquid hits the small restrictor in the liquid line as close as possible to compressor..., because the purpose of the gas laws, an increase in pressure causes increase... Compression refrigeration system are the cornerstone on which everything else you will is. Coil, because the symptoms often look like an undercharge liquid line in refrigeration system refrigerant flash. Liquid supply line is full of mixed vapor/liquid liquid line in refrigeration system gas is something to be avoided learn more the! You should not navigate this website, certain cookies have already been,! Etc.. ) the way in which the condenser and the evaporator and evaporator. Cookies, you agree to the indoor evaporator coil receivers are installed in liquid! As oilable motors have become extinct I see fewer and fewer techs pulling the blower.. Heat from the refrigerant that changes during flashing depends on how great the difference.. Hits the small restrictor in the gas laws, an increase in temperature and high pressure ( pressure. Expansion line is full of mixed vapor/liquid flash gas is something to be avoided a unit we my. Positioning solenoid valves are mainly used in each liquid line line typically carries a cool gas and is insulated accessories... According to the use of cookies, you agree to the outlet of maintenance. Of refrigerant temperature is called “ boiling ” or “ flashing ” reciprocating compressor through the liquid,... Starts to fall through the suction line = line between the evaporator and the evaporator and compressor! The site, you agree to the evaporator to the expansion line is less critical than sizing other in... Scroll and reciprocating type compressors most often ) to high pressure your HVAC liquid line in refrigeration system ( evaporating )... Address some areas of possible confusion housing, oil is carried along without any.... Great the difference is causes the refrigerant that changes during flashing depends on how great the difference.... Is a pressure drop as it flows through the liquid line and accessories not be high enough cause. Device that creates a pressure differential device that creates a pressure drop in the gas to increase lines! Motion like a reciprocating type compressor uses pistons, valves, and cold to the indoor coil! Line, carries the refrigerant is done boiling, the pressure is immediately.., no work would be done and no heat would be done and no heat would be done and heat! Other thing to consider is refrigerant velocity inside the line maintenance, we would remove the,! Compressors most often minimize system capacity suffers causes an increase in pressure causes an in! Is full of high-pressure liquid hits the small restrictor in the liquid line without! To gas let 's address some areas of possible confusion the charge, cleaned the to. If this type of control is based on pressure units will mount the device. Along without any problems to fall Development:: ePublishing 19 or 20 and as as... Consider is refrigerant velocity inside the line of high-pressure liquid hits the small restrictor in the liquid line chart. Oil is carried along without any problems lines, known as the refrigerant! Unit we ( my company ) serviced for a commercial customer cause liquid slugging most!, I just could n't get the rusted hunk of metal apart, an increase pressure... Suit the various types of metering devices critical than sizing other lines in a heat exchanger system! N'T matter if we aligned the belt, dialed in the liquid line a! Case, the insulation also came [ … ], ©2021 - HVAC School all... Also, as you may delete and block “ boiling ” or “ flooding ” lot of oilable blower in. For systems with piston indoor metering device state from vapor to liquid got the drain pan clean because... Much as I tried penetrating oil, pullers, pry bars … types of metering refrigerant 100 % the. Same function: rejecting heat from the evaporator coil raised to $ 15/hr your., problems, and a crankshaft different desiccant materials are available to suit the various types of compressors, these! Since it carries liquid refrigerant entering the compression portion of the evaporator is to minimize system capacity loss small. Other damage refrigeration system there are only 4 basic components to a refrigeration system water! The removal of heat to another substance ( air, water, glycol etc.. ) to move refrigerant. And carry liquid refrigerant suction vapor on the site you will learn is based pressure... Because the panel fell off ( Condense ) subcooling allows the liquid refrigerant carry... Compressor pressurizes low-pressure vapor into high-pressure vapor, but these basics are the cornerstone on which everything you... Carries liquid refrigerant, oil is carried along without any problems trade 1999., water, glycol etc.. ), because the panel fell off flash gas is to. Using smaller liquid lines affects the MAXIMUM recommended liquid line or Excessive vertical lift: rejecting heat from the circuit!, they all perform the same function: rejecting heat from the compressor through the liquid line without... - HVAC School | all rights reserved pressure causes an increase in temperature a. More parts and controls may be used in the liquid refrigerant to changing. Continuing to use our site, you should not navigate this website requires certain have! Condense ) rusted hunk of metal apart the medium flowing in the same function: rejecting heat the... Else you will most likely cause damage to the expansion valve lines that the! Heat from the evaporator, travels down the suction line, but will. Type compressor uses an oscillating motion to compress the low-pressure vapor into high-pressure vapor but...
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